Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality Indices to Seasonal Variations in Indonesian Rivers: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

This study analyzes the sensitivity of water quality indices to seasonal variations in Indonesian rivers using a Systematic Literature Review of 18 published studies. Results indicate that water quality index values vary significantly between seasons, with a general decline during the dry season due to reduced discharge and pollutant accumulation, while the rainy season shows relative improvement through dilution processes. The Pollution Index (IP) and Water Quality Index (WQI) were found to be more sensitive to seasonal changes than the STORET system. Key influencing parameters include DO, BOD, COD, TSS, nitrate, and phosphate. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating seasonal variability into water quality evaluations and national index development to enhance the accuracy of assessments and support sustainable water resource management.